An ML optimisation framework identifies a pyrolysis configuration that simultaneously achieves −2,570 kg CO₂-eq and a positive net present value of £300 per tonne — the only scenario with both outcomes across 700,000 modelled configurations.

Detailed logistics and process modelling shows diesel production from non-recycled plastic waste is economically viable at large scale, while hydrogen production remains challenged by high capital and operational expenditure.

Large-scale centralised hydrogen production from plastic waste delivers greater net carbon savings than small-scale diesel systems once fossil fuel displacement is incorporated into the life cycle boundary.

Pyrolysis-based trigeneration of rural waste in India produces power, heat, and biochar with substantially lower lifecycle emissions than grid electricity and a positive net present value under realistic operating assumptions.

Systematic review of catalyst types, reaction conditions, and product yields across chemical recycling routes for converting mixed municipal plastic waste into fuels and chemicals.

Framework for embedding circular economy principles into hazardous and municipal solid waste management, with a focus on reducing lifecycle carbon footprints across waste streams.

Two-phase fuel injection demonstrated to reduce particulate matter and NOx emissions from diesel engines under standard test bench conditions.